Renaissance and Reformation

The Medici family took control of Florence during the Italian Renaisance. They bacame the new oligarchs.

Pope Boniface VII - Issued the UNAM SANCTAM

Martin V - pope elected which ended the great Schism

Famous Popes of the Renaissance-

Nicholas V, Puis II, Innocent VII, Alexander VI, Julius II, Leo X.

Francesco Petrarca- humanist who wrote a lot in the Renaissance

Castiglione- wrote a book of etiquette

Machiavelli- Italian patriot: strongly believed that Italians should act like early Romans.

Erasmus of Rotterdam- regarded the Middle Ages as ignorant

The Tudors- monarchy in England - Henry VII - good ruler, created nationalist feelings in England.

The Valois- France - Louis XI built up the army in France

The Habsburgs- Family that managed to be consistently re-elected into being the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire for many years.

Martin Luther- introduced the idea of "justification by faith" to the world of religion.

John Calvin- believed in justification by faith but with a lawyers twist. Believed in predestination. founded Calvinism

Henry VII- orthodoxy - Defended the seven sacramants. English king

Elizabeth - daughter of Henry VII - introduced and brought Protestantism to England.

The Lollards: cibtrast the poor with hippocracy and corruption

The Hussites: Believed the church wasn't necessary for salvation.

Charles V - Holy Roman Empire

After the death of his other grandfather, Maximilian, in 1519, he inherited Habsburg lands in Austria. Naturally, he also was the candidate for succeeding Maximilian as Emperor, but he had to face the competition of the French King Fancis I, who also had the support of Pope Leo X. Francis used promises and bribes to win the favour of the electors, but with the help of the wealthy Fugger family, Charles could oust Francis and was elected on June 28, 1519. In 1530 he was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Clement VII in Bologna, the last Emperor to receive a papal coronation.

Charles was Holy Roman Emperor over the German states, but his real power was limited by the princes. Protestantism gained a lot of support in Germany, and Charles was determined not to let this happen in the Netherlands. An inquisition was established as early as 1522. In 1550 the death penalty was introduced for all heresy. Political dissent was also firmly controlled, most notably in his place of birth: the Revolt of Ghent in 1539, which Charles personally suppressed.

Leoardo da Vinci - the ideal "Renaissance man," painted the Mona Lisa & The Last Supper,was an artist, scientist, mathematician, engineer, geoligist & worked with medicine (had a love of knowledge) He captured emotion in his artwork which makes it fasinating to study.